God's Attributes in the Bible

God's attributes in the Protestant theology are based on the Bible. In the beginning, I would like to quote what two of the Protestant confessions say about God.

We all believe in our hearts and confess with our mouths that there is a single and simple spiritual being, whom we call God -- eternal, incomprehensible, invisible, unchangeable, infinite, almighty; completely wise, just, and good, and the overflowing source of all good. (The Belgic Confession, article 1)

I. There is but one only living and true God, who is infinite in being and perfection, a most pure spirit, invisible, without body, parts, or passions, immutable, immense, eternal, incomprehensible, almighty, most wise, most holy, most free, most absolute, working all things according to the counsel of his own immutable and most righteous will, for his own glory, most loving, gracious, merciful, long-suffering, abundant in goodness and truth, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin; the rewarder of them that diligently seek him; and withal most just and terrible in his judgments; hating all sin; and who will by no means clear the guilty.

II. God hath all life, glory, goodness, blessedness, in and of himself; and is alone in and unto himself all-sufficient, not standing in need of any creatures which he hath made, nor deriving any glory from them, but only manifesting his own glory in, by, unto, and upon them; he is the alone foundation of all being, of whom, through whom, and to whom, are all things; and hath most sovereign dominion over them, to do by them, for them, or upon them, whatsoever himself pleaseth. In his sight all things are open and manifest; his knowledge is infinite, infallible, and independent upon the creature; so as nothing is to him contingent or uncertain. He is most holy in all his counsels, in all his works, and in all his commands. To him is due from angels and men, and every other creature, whatsoever worship, service, or obedience he is pleased to require of them. (The Westminster Confession of Faith, chapter II)

These two confessions mention a number of God's attributes.

There are several classifications of God's attributes. Most among Protestant theologians divide God's attributes into communicable and incommunicable. The incommunicable attributes belong only to God (for example, eternity, immensity), while the communicable attributes to some extend may belong to people (for example, wisdom and justice). However, there are some difficulties with putting some of God's attributes into one of these groups. For example, God is omniscient, that is, He knows everything. Human being has some knowledge, but human knowledge is limited. Human being has the attribute of knowledge, but not the attribute of omniscience.

There are similar difficulties with other classifications. So, many theologians do not use these classifications.

1. Personality
God is a Person. He has self-consciousness and self-determination. He has attributes of personality - mind, emotions, and will. He can speak, see, hear.

God said to Moses, "I am who I am. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: 'I AM has sent me to you.'" (Exodus 3:14)

But he stands alone, and who can oppose him? He does whatever he pleases. (Job 23:13)

For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)

And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. (Genesis 1:3)

2. Spirituality
God's nature is spiritual. He is not physical.

God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth. (John 4:24)

3. Invisibility
God is invisible.

No one has ever seen God, but God the One and Only, who is at the Father's side, has made him known. (John 1:18)

Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only God, be honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen. (1 Timothy 1:17)

4. Life
God is living.

But the LORD is the true God; he is the living God, the eternal King. When he is angry, the earth trembles; the nations cannot endure his wrath. (Jeremiah 10:10)

For they themselves report what kind of reception you gave us. They tell how you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God. (1 Thessalonians 1:9)

5. Independence (aseity)
God does not need people or any other creatures. However, people can praise and worship Him.

24 "The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by hands.
25 And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything, because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything else." (Acts 17:24-25)

6. Immutability
God is immutable in His being, attributes, intentions, and promises.

But you remain the same, and your years will never end. (Psalm 102:27)

I the LORD do not change. So you, O descendants of Jacob, are not destroyed. (Malachi 3:6)

Every good and perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of the heavenly lights, who does not change like shifting shadows. (James 1:17)

7. Eternity
God has no beginning nor end.

Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God. (Psalm 90:2)

The eternal God is your refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms. He will drive out your enemy before you, saying, 'Destroy him!' (Deuteronomy 33:27)

For this is what the high and lofty One says — he who lives forever, whose name is holy: "I live in a high and holy place, but also with him who is contrite and lowly in spirit, to revive the spirit of the lowly and to revive the heart of the contrite." (Isaiah 57:15)

But the LORD is the true God; he is the living God, the eternal King. When he is angry, the earth trembles; the nations cannot endure his wrath. (Jeremiah 10:10)

8. Omnipresence
God is everywhere at the same time.

23 "Am I only a God nearby," declares the LORD, "and not a God far away?
24 Can anyone hide in secret places so that I cannot see him?" declares the LORD. "Do not I fill heaven and earth?" declares the LORD. (Jeremiah 23:23-24)

7 Where can I go from your Spirit? Where can I flee from your presence?
8 If I go up to the heavens, you are there; if I make my bed in the depths, you are there.
9 If I rise on the wings of the dawn, if I settle on the far side of the sea,
10 even there your hand will guide me, your right hand will hold me fast. (Psalm 139:7-10)

9. Immensity
God is not limited by space, has no sizes or dimensions.

But will God really dwell on earth? The heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain you. How much less this temple I have built! (1 Kings 8:27)

10. Unity (unitas singularitas)
God is one.

Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one. (Deuteronomy 6:4)

For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. (1 Timothy 2:5)

11. Simplicity (unitas simplicitas)
God does not consist of any parts or components. Neither does He consist of His attributes.

God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth. (John 4:24)

12. Truthfulness
God is true in His nature and also in His words and actions.

But the LORD is the true God; he is the living God, the eternal King. When he is angry, the earth trembles; the nations cannot endure his wrath. (Jeremiah 10:10)

We know also that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know him who is true. And we are in him who is true — even in his Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life. (1 John 5:20)

13. Faithfulness
God is faithful in His promises.

Let us hold unswervingly to the hope we profess, for he who promised is faithful. (Hebrews 10:23)

Know therefore that the LORD your God is God; he is the faithful God, keeping his covenant of love to a thousand generations of those who love him and keep his commands. (Deuteronomy 7:9)

14. Omniscience
God knows everything.

Do you know how the clouds hang poised, those wonders of him who is perfect in knowledge? (Job 37:16)

15. Wisdom
God uses His knowledge in the best way in order to fulfill His purpose.

To the only wise God be glory forever through Jesus Christ! Amen. (Romans 16:27)

16. Holiness
God is different from everything and is separated from sin.

For this is what the high and lofty One says — he who lives forever, whose name is holy: "I live in a high and holy place, but also with him who is contrite and lowly in spirit, to revive the spirit of the lowly and to revive the heart of the contrite." (Isaiah 57:15)

There is no one holy like the LORD; there is no one besides you; there is no Rock like our God. (1 Samuel 2:2)

17. Righteousness

Lord, you are righteous, but this day we are covered with shame—the men of Judah and people of Jerusalem and all Israel, both near and far, in all the countries where you have scattered us because of our unfaithfulness to you. (Daniel 9:7)

The LORD is righteous in all his ways and loving toward all he has made. (Psalm 144:17)

18. Justice
God is just toward everyone.

For God does not show favoritism. (Romans 2:11)

19. Omnipotence
God is almighty.

I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as God Almighty, but by my name the LORD I did not make myself known to them. (Exodus 6:3)

20. Sovereignty
God is sovereign in His position and authority.

To the LORD your God belong the heavens, even the highest heavens, the earth and everything in it. (Deuteronomy 10:14)

Wealth and honor come from you; you are the ruler of all things. In your hands are strength and power to exalt and give strength to all. (Chronicles 29:12)

21. Perfection
God is perfect in everything.

Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect. (Matthew 5:48)

22. Goodness
God is the highest standard of good. All His works are worthy to be approved.

"Why do you call me good?" Jesus answered. "No one is good—except God alone." (Luke 18:19)

For the LORD is good and his love endures forever; his faithfulness continues through all generations. (Psalm 100:5)

23. Love

Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love. (1 John 4:8)

And so we know and rely on the love God has for us. God is love. Whoever lives in love lives in God, and God in him. (1 John 4:16)

24. Hatred
God hates sin.

The LORD examines the righteous, but the wicked and those who love violence his soul hates. (Psalm 11:5)

Because of all their wickedness in Gilgal, I hated them there. Because of their sinful deeds, I will drive them out of my house. I will no longer love them; all their leaders are rebellious. (Hosea 9:15)

25. Grace
God kindly deals with people who do not deserve that.

For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God. (Ephesians 2:8)

26. Mercy
God is compassionate to people who are guilty or who suffer.

For the LORD your God is a merciful God; he will not abandon or destroy you or forget the covenant with your forefathers, which he confirmed to them by oath. (Deuteronomy 4:31)

As you know, we consider blessed those who have persevered. You have heard of Job's perseverance and have seen what the Lord finally brought about. The Lord is full of compassion and mercy. (James 5:11)

27. Long-suffering
God is patient to those who upset or provoke Him.

But you, O Lord, are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness. (Psalm 86:15)

He prayed to the LORD, "O LORD, is this not what I said when I was still at home? That is why I was so quick to flee to Tarshish. I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in love, a God who relents from sending calamity. (Jonah 4:2)

28. Peace (order)

For God is not a God of disorder but of peace. (1 Corinthians 14:33)

29. Jealousy
God's jealousy means that He always defends His honor.

You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me. (Exodus 20:5)

30. Will
God decides what to do and what not to do.

In him we were also chosen, having been predestined according to the plan of him who works out everything in conformity with the purpose of his will. (Ephesians 1:11)

"You are worthy, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they were created and have their being." (Revelation 4:11)

31. Freedom
God does what He wants.

Our God is in heaven; he does whatever pleases him. (Psalm 115:3)

All the peoples of the earth are regarded as nothing. He does as he pleases with the powers of heaven and the peoples of the earth. No one can hold back his hand or say to him: "What have you done?" (Daniel 4:35)

32. Bliss
God is fully satisfied with Himself and everything that reflects His attributes.

Which God will bring about in his own time—God, the blessed and only Ruler, the King of kings and Lord of lords. (1 Timothy 6:15)

That conforms to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, which he entrusted to me. (1 Timothy 1:11)

33. Beauty
God is full of desired attributes.

One thing I ask of the LORD, this is what I seek: that I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to gaze upon the beauty of the LORD and to seek him in his temple. (Psalm 27:4)

34. Glory

Everyone who is called by my name, whom I created for my glory, whom I formed and made. (Isaiah 43:7)

Attributes of Allah's Actions

These attributes are not necessary, but possible for Allah. They depend on His might and will. So, these attributes are called al-Jaizi (possible or optional attributes) or al-Fili (attributes of actions).

1. Creation (at-Tahlik)
Allah creates everything that exists.

She said: "O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man hath touched me?" He said: "Even so: Allah createth what He willeth: When He hath decreed a plan, He but saith to it, 'Be,' and it is! (3:47, Yusufali's translation)

Ashariyya theologians put the attribute of creation into this group. Maturidiyya theologians distinguish between at-Takwin (creation) which they put into as-Subuti (necessary or mandatory attributes) and at-Tahlik (creation) which they put into al-Jaizi (possible or optional attributes). I am not quite sure what is the difference between them.

2. Leading to the way of truth (al-Hidaya) and leading to the way of deception (ad-Dalala)
Allah leads some people to the way of truth and some people to the way of deception, depending on His will.

Is he, then, to whom the evil of his conduct is made alluring, so that he looks upon it as good, (equal to one who is rightly guided)? For Allah leaves to stray whom He wills, and guides whom He wills. So let not thy soul go out in (vainly) sighing after them: for Allah knows well all that they do! (35:8)

According to Sunni theologians, this means that after somebody makes a choice to take the way of truth, Allah created this way to him because only Allah can create anything. Likewise, after somebody decides to take the way of deception, Allah creates this way to him. Also, in Sunni theology, there is a principle that Allah's "negative" attributes or actions (such as punishment) are always mentioned together with His "positive" attributes or actions (such as reward).

3. Sending Prophets and Books
Allah sent Prophets and Books (Holy Scriptures) to people in order to show people the right way.

We sent thee not, but as a Mercy for all creatures. (21:107)

4. Resurrection (al-Ba's) and gathering (al-Hashr)
Allah will resurrect all the people at the Day of Judgment and then will gather them in the same place for judgment.

Again, on the Day of Judgment, will ye be raised up. (23:16)

The trumpet shall be sounded, when behold! from the sepulchres (men) will rush forth to their Lord! (36:51)

5. Showing mercy (at-Tan'im) and sending tortures and sufferings (at-Ta'zim)
Allah gives mercy and good to those whom He wants and sends tortures and sufferings to those whom He wants.

(Both) the Jews and the Christians say: "We are sons of Allah, and his beloved." Say: "Why then doth He punish you for your sins? Nay, ye are but men,- of the men he hath created: He forgiveth whom He pleaseth, and He punisheth whom He pleaseth: and to Allah belongeth the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between: and unto Him is the final goal (of all)" (5:18)

This means that Allah will forgive some people at the judgment and leave them unpunished for their sins, and He will punish some people for their sins. However, He will not forgive unbelief and polytheism. Also, He forgives people when they confess their sins. These attribute refer to those people who did not confess their sins.

This point may look as injustice for Christians. However, it actually indicates Allah's will and mercy that He will not punish some people who deserve punishment. The Bible says that people who are saved, are saved by God's grace and mercy.

4 But because of his great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy,
5 made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in transgressions — it is by grace you have been saved.
6 And God raised us up with Christ and seated us with him in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus,
7 in order that in the coming ages he might show the incomparable riches of his grace, expressed in his kindness to us in Christ Jesus.
8 For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith — and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God —
9 not by works, so that no one can boast. (Ephesians 2:5-9)

Some people will not be saved. So, points 2 and 5 here have some similarity with the principle in Christianity that some people are saved by God's grace and mercy and some are not saved.

Classifications of God's Attributes

Christian theologians find God's attributes in the Bible. Muslims theologians find Allah's attributes in Qur'an and Sunnah.

There are three main classifications of God's attributes in Protestant theology:

1. Communicable and incommunicable attributes. The incommunicable attributes belong only to God (for example, eternity, immensity), while the communicable attributes to some extend may belong to people (for example, wisdom and justice).

2. Natural and moral attributes. The natural attributes describe God's nature (for example, self-existence and eternity), while the moral attributes describe His will (for example, justice and holiness).

3. Absolute and relative attributes. The absolute attributes characterize God Himself (for example, eternity and immensity), while the relative attributes characterize His relation to the creation (for example, omniscience).

According to Sunni theology, Allah's attributes are classified in the following way:
1. Al-Wujud - the attribute of Allah's essence (existence).
2. As-Salbi - the attributes that deny everything inappropriate to Allah. Al-Wujud and as-Salbi are sometimes put into the same group - as-Salbi or az-Zati (Sifats az-Zatiyya) (the essential attributes of Allah).
3. As-Subuti (Sifats as-Subutiyya) - the attributes that are necessary or mandatory for Allah.
4. Al-Jaizi - the attributes that are optional or possible for Allah. These attributes are also called al-Fi'li (Sifats al-Fi'liyya) - the attributes of Allah's actions.
5. Al-Habari - the informing attributes of Allah.

Actually, there are more similarities than differences between God's attributes and names in Christianity and Islam. Of course, I do not mean the doctrine of the Trinity that Islam completely rejects.

Informing Attributes of Allah

In Qur'an and Sunnah, there are some Allah's attributes that can lead to belief that Allah has a body if these attributes are understood literally. These attributes are called al-Habari (informing). Ashariyyah and Maturidiyya theologians understand them allegorically and interpret them. However, they admit that their interpretations may be not fully correct.

As the foundation for interpreting these attributes allegorically, they use surah 42, ayah 11:

(He is) the Creator of the heavens and the earth: He has made for you pairs from among yourselves, and pairs among cattle: by this means does He multiply you: there is nothing whatever like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees (all things). (Yusufali's translation)

Some of these attributes and their interpretations are:
1. Yad (hand) - Allah's mercy, might, authority:

Verily those who plight their fealty to thee do no less than plight their fealty to Allah: the Hand of Allah is over their hands: then any one who violates his oath, does so to the harm of his own soul, and any one who fulfils what he has covenanted with Allah,- Allah will soon grant him a great Reward. (48:10)

(Allah) said: "O Iblis! What prevents thee from prostrating thyself to one whom I have created with my hands? Art thou haughty? Or art thou one of the high (and mighty) ones?" (38:75)

2. Wajh (face) - Allah's essence, existence:

But will abide (for ever) the Face of thy Lord,- full of Majesty, Bounty and Honour. (55:27)

3. Ain (eye) - Allah's vision, observation, care:

Throw (the child) into the chest, and throw (the chest) into the river: the river will cast him up on the bank, and he will be taken up by one who is an enemy to Me and an enemy to him': But I cast (the garment of) love over thee from Me: and (this) in order that thou mayest be reared under Mine eye. (20:39)

4. Istiwa (establishing, ascension) - Allah's authority, majesty, lordship:

(Allah) Most Gracious is firmly established on the throne (of authority). (20:5)

5. Maji (coming) - descending of Allah's commandment or manifestation of signs or His might:

And thy Lord cometh, and His angels, rank upon rank. (89:22)

6. Ityan (manifestation, coming) - approach of punishment from Allah:

Will they wait until Allah comes to them in canopies of clouds, with angels (in His train) and the question is (thus) settled? but to Allah do all questions go back (for decision). (2:210)

In this matter, Wahhabi/Salafi do not agree with Ashariyya and Maturidiyya. Wahhabi/Salafi insist that these attributes should not be interpreted literally and believe that Allah really has a face, two hands, two eyes, really ascended on the throne, and so on. Other theologians reply that this means that Wahhabi/Salafi believe that Allah has a body.

In the Bible, there are even more verses where it is said about God's face, hands, other parts of the body, and even wings. Christian theologians agree that all these things are metaphors and should not be interpreted literally because God is spirit and does not have a body:

God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth. (John 4:24, New International Version)

Some examples from the Bible:

Many are asking, "Who can show us any good?" Let the light of your face shine upon us, O LORD. (Psalm 4:6)

Has not my hand made all these things, and so they came into being?" declares the LORD. "This is the one I esteem: he who is humble and contrite in spirit, and trembles at my word. (Isaiah 66:2)

He parted the heavens and came down; dark clouds were under his feet. (Psalm 18:10)

9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up
10 and saw the God of Israel. Under his feet was something like a pavement made of sapphire, clear as the sky itself.
11 But God did not raise his hand against these leaders of the Israelites; they saw God, and they ate and drank. (Exodus 24:9-11)

5 Then I said: "O LORD, God of heaven, the great and awesome God, who keeps his covenant of love with those who love him and obey his commands,
6 let your ear be attentive and your eyes open to hear the prayer your servant is praying before you day and night for your servants, the people of Israel. I confess the sins we Israelites, including myself and my father's house, have committed against you." (Nehemiah 1:5-6)

He will cover you with his feathers, and under his wings you will find refuge; his faithfulness will be your shield and rampart. (Psalm 91:4)

The Main Attributes of Allah

According to Qur'an, Allah is different from everyone and everything:

And there is none like unto Him. (112:4, Yusufali's translation)

Qur'an says that Allah has the most beautiful names (actually, all His attributes and descriptions mentioned here are considered to be His names):

22 Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god;- Who knows (all things) both secret and open; He, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
23 Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god;- the Sovereign, the Holy One, the Source of Peace (and Perfection), the Guardian of Faith, the Preserver of Safety, the Exalted in Might, the Irresistible, the Supreme: Glory to Allah! (High is He) above the partners they attribute to Him.
24 He is Allah, the Creator, the Evolver, the Bestower of Forms (or Colours). To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names: whatever is in the heavens and on earth, doth declare His Praises and Glory: and He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. (59:22-24)

Qur'an encourages people to use these names:

The most beautiful names belong to Allah: so call on him by them; but shun such men as use profanity in his names: for what they do, they will soon be requited. (7:180)

According to hadiths, Allah has 99 names:

Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: There are ninety-nine names of Allah; he who commits them to memory would get into Paradise. Verily, Allah is Odd (He is one, and it is an odd number) and He loves odd number. And in the narration of Ibn 'Umar (the words are):" He who enumerated them." (Sahih Muslim, hadith 6475, translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui)

Since Allah is different from everything and everyone, He cannot be compared to anything. He can be known only by His names and attributes.

There are 14 His main attributes. Sunni theologians admit all these attributes, but there are some differences in their classification between the schools Ashariyya and Maturidiyya. Maturidiyya theologians usually divide these attributes into two groups:
1. Sifats Zatiyya (or Salbi) - the attributes of the essence of Allah that deny everything inappropriate;
2. Sifats Subutiyya - the attributes that are necessary for Allah.

Sifats Zatiyya:
1. Al-Wujud - existence: Allah exists and His non-existence is impossible.
2. Al-Kidam - eternity without beginning: Allah is eternal without the beginning.
3. Al-Baka - eternity without end: Allah is eternal without the end.
4. Al-Wahdaniyah - being the only one: Allah is one.
5. Al-Muhalafatu-li-l-havadis - difference from everything: Allah is different from everything.
6. Al-Kiyamu-bi-nafsi-hi - self-existence: Allah exists by Himself.

Sifats Subutiyya:
1. Al-Hayyah - life: Allah is always living.
2. Al-Ilm - knowledge: Allah knows everything.
3. As-Sami - hearing: Allah hears everything.
4. Al-Basar - seeing: Allah sees everything.
5. Al-Irada - will: Allah does what He wants.
6. Al-Kudra - power: Allah is almighty.
7. Al-Kalam - speaking: Allah speaks.
8. At-Takwin - creation: Allah creates everything.

Ashariyya theologians accept all these attributes. However, they consider al-Wujud (existence) to be a special attribute, the attribute of existence. Also, they consider consider at-Takwin (creation) as an attribute of Allah's actions that are possible, but not necessary for Him.

Moreover, Ashariyya theologians sometimes make two attributes (a noun and an adjective) for each of Sifats Subutiyya. The reason why they do that is because Mutazilis (one of Muslim heretical groups) made this distinction and taught that only adjectives can be applied to Allah and nouns cannot. Ashariyya and Maturidiyya teach that both adjectives and nouns can be applied to Allah.

Thus, they speak of 20 necessary attributes of Allah:
1. Existence
2. Eternity without beginning
3. Existence without end
4. Difference from everything
5. Self-existence, independence from everything and everybody
6. Being the only one
7. Omnipotence
8. Will
9. Omniscience
10. Life
11. All-hearing (noun)
12. All-seeing (noun)
13. Speech
14. Omnipotent
15. Willing
16. Omniscient
17. Living
18. All-hearing (adjective)
19. All-seeing (adjective)
20. Speaking

They also speak of 20 attributes that are impossible for Allah (these 20 attributes are the oppositions of the 20 necessary attributes):
1. Non-existence
2. Beginning
3. End
4. Likeness to something or somebody
5. Dependence on something or somebody
6. Being more than one
7. Absence of omnipotence
8. Absence of will for something
9. Absence of knowledge about something
10. Absence of life
11. Absence of all-hearing
12. Absence of all-seeing
13. Absence of speech
14. Not omnipotent
15. Not having will
16. Not knowing something
17. Not living
18. Not hearing anything
19. Not seeing anything
20. Not speaking